Rates of new HIV infections among adolescents (especially girls) continue to exceed UNAIDS targets in Eastern and Southern Africa. Adolescence is a transitional period towards independence: high risk of engagement in sexual behaviours (e.g., condomless sex, transactional sex), increasing the risk of HIV infection. Adolescents’ engagement in sexual risk behaviours is strongly linked to the broader social and economic conditions that they live and grow up in. Structural interventions (e.g., antipoverty cash transfers; caregiver support programmes) seek to reduce engagement in these behaviours by altering adolescents’ socioeconomic environment.